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I may be wrong, but I think civilian .308 is loaded hotter than 7.61x51mm NATO; AFAIK, it is safe to shoot milsurp 7.62x51 through a .308 rifle, but using commercial .308 in some 7.62x51 rifles (primary gas-operated autoloaders) can cause overpressure problems. .308 shooters, straighten me out here if I'm wrong.Same thing with the .308 and 7.62X51. I have used them both interchangeably and have never had any problems. The military rifles may have looser chambers to aid reliability and the military ammo may be loaded slightly hotter but it seems to be close enough not to matter.