45 caliber in naval guns revers to the length of the barrel. The South Dakotas (and Colorado's) used 16" 45 caliber naval guns, for instance, whereas the Iowa's had 16" 50 caliber guns. The higher the caliber, the longer the gun (and as a result, the longer the range but the greater the weight on the carriage and thus the heavier carriage, all increase overall tonnage on a ship). And caliber is bore-specific. Thus, a 14" 45 caliber is actually shorter than a 16" 45 caliber.
Some folks assume that a 16" 45 caliber is akin to 16.45", which isn't actually bad thinking (it's perfectly logical based on small arms use of caliber).
Of course, without the bore, a 45 caliber naval gun is kind of like saying a 38 caliber revolver. Could be .357, could be .38 Long Colt, could be .38 S&W, could be .38 Special, could be .380 British, could be 38/200, could be....