Ammo stocked behind the counter in a locked cabinet on the wrong SKU sticker isn't a consumer putting it back wrong. It's likely an employee who didn't pay attention.
A patient and friendly explanation that "I saw it on the shelf with a $23 price is why I asked for it" might have gone further.
"I tell the kid to give me" says a lot about the way the transaction was initially handled, I'm not surprised things went downhill from there.
Nonetheless, product is put on shelving in the wrong place all the time, and Weights and Measures isn't likely even going to return your phone call in the same day. They are mostly guys driving around in heavy trucks checking scales and gas pumps, getting someone else out of the office to drive from the next metro over just to arbitrate the price of a misplaced box of ammo is only possible in the life of an internet poster.
Honest mistakes like this happen every day, a polite and respectful approach can win the day either way. Very few intend to beat down the store, and an empowered and well taken care of employee would head off adding to his managers workload by taking care of it himself.
I work retail, and I can tell you how you approach the clerk is pretty much how you will be treated in return. In balance, most employees can respond in kind and keep their job. It's when it doesn't seem justified that there is something else going on, and 9 times out of 10, that manager treats that employee in a biased and unfair manner. It rolls downhill from there.
THAT is how I talk to their supervisor - put the onus on them by not allowing the clerk to handle a simple mistake and fix it so I can be a happy customer. There's your insight into Walmart management - they can't trust their employees to do the right thing and would rather lose the sale first. Not the clerks fault he's doing what he was told.
Keep that in mind when you walk in next time, it's the manager's attitude in the way he handles his employees that they in turn handle you.