In news story after news story, the media keeps saying that her gun "wasn't registered," but by now, even the idiots in the media know that Alabama has no gun registration.
I don't know if I agree with this. As mentioned by dogtown, I have several customers who ask me about registering their guns. These are guys who own 10-15 guns (IOW, not noobies), and their dad gives them another, and they want to know how to register it in their name. As long as gun owners think that guns are registered or licensed, I don't have much faith in the media getting it right.
We also know they have the serial number of the firearm she used. ERGO, their lack of ability to tie this particular firearm to her (via paperwork) is the result of a lack of only one thing: a 4473.
There could be a 4473 with that serial number on it, but (as pointed out) since it is legal to sell guns privately in most states, having a 4473 linking that serial number to Mr. Jones doesn't mean anything when Mr. Jones no longer owns it. 4473s are mostly worthless for any "registry" scheme as long as private sales are legal.
I have spoken to FFLs who get trace requests from ATF. Request is putting is nicely because it's more of a demand. I watched an FFL friend spend hours of their OWN TIME digging out 4473s so as to comply with a trace request.
I'm not sure what happened in that particular case. I've recently had my first 2 traces in 7 years. Both times they called, basically said "Gun Make/Model with this serial number was shipped from Dealer X on January 7th. You should have received it around the 10th or so."
I then look in my book, where I log guns in as they come in, and see the gun arrived on the 11th and was transferred on the 13th to Mr. Smith.
I open my file cabinet and find the matching 4473, which is stored in alphabetical order.
The whole phone call, from me picking up to the tracing center saying thank you, took about 3 minutes.
The second trace was very similar.
If it took hours to find the right 4473, there was either something pretty special about that request or the dealer's records were not very organized.
Some dealers may record the information of a person who sold or traded in a gun, but many toss the consignment form once the gun has been sold.
Dealers are required to note where the gun came from in the Acquisition section of the Acquisition/Disposition book (commonly called the "bound book"), but other than that your points are sound. The odds of tracking a gun beyond the first sale are probably pretty small.