Individual (federal) firearm licensing for Canadian residents is divided into two tiers:
Non-restricted
Restricted (which also includes non-restricted)
Without getting into the technical minutia and exceptions,
non-restricted are long guns typically used for hunting.
Restricted is handguns, many of the "sport utility rifles", etc.
I can't find the current fee structure online, so I'm doing this from memory.
First time license fee (5 year renewal cycle w/fee) is $40 for non-restricted, $75 for restricted.
You also have to provide proof of passing separate safety/legal knowledge course tests once in your lifetime (Canadian Firearm Safety Course), there are fees associated with those too. Newbies should take the course and take the tests. Persons with more knowledge could read the course books and challenge just the tests themselves w/o taking the courses.
The tests are split into a Written and Practical phase. The Practical phase uses dummy ammunition and deactivated firearms to run the candidate thru hunting and range usage simulations based on the principles in the course books and lectures. Written is usual multiple choice style like a driver's test, again based on the book and lecture material.
There are separate courses for non-restricted and restricted. At one time they were combined, but apparently it was generating too much interest in handguns
I challenged the tests early, correctly guessing that it would never get any easier or cheaper.
Current quoted statistic is 1.9 million license holders in Canada out of a population of say 35 million.
Estimates of number of firearm owners (above and "underground") in Canada is around say 7 million.
At one point there was universal registration of firearms in Canada, but the "long gun registry" (non-restricted) was legislatively dropped in 2012 as a fulfilment of a campaign promise by the federal Conservative party.