As others have said, 200yds is pushing it a bit with the .30-30, not impossible but pushing it. Its an excellent choice for relatively close ranges in heavy brush, but not ideal for an open field gun.
Looking at your other two options, either one should work as both are more than powerful enough for deer, and more than accurate enough for 200+ yard shots. THe .30-06 is considered by many to be the optimum do-everything centerfire, capable of taking any game animal in North America, and the .308 is very close in performance. For your price range, I would look first at Savage rifles. They make inexpensive rifles that are renown for their accuracty in a wide variety of configurations (blued or stainless, traditional wood, composite or laminate stocks)
That said, unless you forsee using this same gun for larger game (Elk, Moose, Bear, etc) you could get by with a smaller caiber. The .243 is considered by many to be an ideal dual-purpose (deer & varmint) round and is widely available. The .25 cal cartridges (.257 Roberts, .257 Weatherby or .25-06) would also be excellent choices, although in small towns it might be harder to find locally. They are all accurate and effective to ranges well past your proposed 200yds.
Hope that helps.