I started this but for rifles, a lot could be said for 44-40, 30-30, 30-06, 22 LR, and one of my favorites 45-70. I was stationed in Alaska, twice in the 1970s, and 1980s, and both times the Alaska fish and game department recommended either the Marlin 45-70 lever gun, or a good pump 12 guage with slugs for the big bears, wandering into your camp, as bear defense.
And the truth is, the 12 guage shotgun is probably the real gun that won the west. Every farmer had one. To put food on the table , and for home defense against Indians, and other critters.
Not everyone could afford the latest rifle or pistol, but nearly everyone could buy a shotgun.
And the truth is , it is still hard to beat as a home defense weapon.
I have one in the closet, and a Tauras Judge pistol under the bed. It is still hard to beat a shotgun for home defense