Yes, provided the transaction is done via an FFL, and all MA laws apply.
If the gun in question is not legal in MA, those are the laws YOU have to follow. The VT FFL is not required to either know, nor follow MA gun laws.
I'm not sure if MA requires long gun purchase permits or registration, but if so, you'll have to abide by that when (or before, just to CYA) bringing the gun back in to MA.