For your needs a Marlin 336C (if you like traditional walnut) or a 336BL (if you like a big loop and an 18 1/2" barrel) would be my choice.
A .45-70 is overkill for what you describe, but it would serve also. The .45-70 would give you the option of large moose and elk.
Of all of the cartridges that you describe, the .30-30 offers the best trajectory out to 200 yards. You would need to load the .45-70 up to nearly the same velocity as a .30-30 to equal that, which would be unpleasant to shoot with even the required 300 grain bullet
You also have the option to buy a 336W, which is the economy version of the 336 line, with a stained birch stock and a matte finish.
But that's only worth it if you can get one much cheaper than the 336C or 336BL.
The .44 magnum is fine as long as you are happy with brush ranges out to 100 yards, and not with shooting out to 175 yards or so.
The .45 Colt can be hand loaded to match the .44 magnum, and with lower chamber pressures, but the factory loads are pretty tame.
Good enough for a whitetail deer at 70 yards or so IMHO.
Also consider that in a pinch you could buy .30-30 probably anywhere, but the others not so much.