The WSSM’s might be as close as you can get, with an AR-15 sized non-AR-15, but you’re still nipping at the .308’s heels at best, and carrying a handful of headaches with them. The case capacity is really close, ~95%, but we’re giving up a bit to fit into <2.3” mags.
I have had Mike Milli’s uppers in 243wssm and 25wssm. The 25 throws a 120grn bullet at the same speed a 308 win throws a 150, and you have to short seat 120’s to fit into the magazine - which leaves you begging for enough room to fit 45grn powder under the bullet. Some factory 25WSSM loads with lighter bullets would fit in the mag, some wouldn’t. The 243wssm is actually more challenging - the long 100-115grn bullets have to go REALLY deep to fit into the mag, and only gets up to about the same speed as a 308 with 125-130grn bullets. I don’t recall any factory ammo except light 50-55’s fitting into the mag. It might not seem like much, but a bumping from a 100 grain pill to a 125 at the same speed is a 25% increase in momentum and kinetic energy.
The advantage of these WSSM’s, of course, is increased BC and SD - despite giving up a little muzzle velocity and/or a little bullet weight. I’d readily consider a .24SD 100grn 24cal bullet as a deer bullet, while I don’t care for a .19SD 125grn 30cal bullet for deer - despite 25% greater energy and momentum on the 30cal. This is the same challenge we see with the .358 Yeti - pushing the same bullet weight to the same speed, but lower BC and SD. A 180 30cal has an SD of 0.27, while a 180 35 cal falls to .20 - meaning one’s a deer rifle, one’s an elk rifle.
If your yardstick is hunting field utility, then a handful of things thrown from an AR can harvest almost any game which can the .308win, within typical circumstances, with a slight nod for the .308win in atypical circumstances.
If the yardstick is ballistic performance, then it’s game of horse grenades, where “almost” has to count.
All of that said - far, far more of us carry AR-15’s than do 10’s. For good reason.