327 magnum will shoot .32 H&R Mag, 32 S&W Long, .32 S&W
.357 Max will shoot .357 mag (I believe), .38 Special +P, 38 Special
.445 Super mag will shoot .44 magnum, .44 Special
460 S&W mag will shoot .454 Casull, .45 LC, .45 Schofield
500 magnum will shoot 500 special
In general with revolvers there is a magnum version of every caliber. The number does not necesarily properly reflect the bullet caliber, as in the above examples all the bullets are the same caliber (diameter). Wikipedia is a good sorce for this information.
Obviously, if a gun is not rated for a magnum cartridge, it is unsafe to fire a mag from one of these guns. Typically the magnum cartridges were lengthened in order to prevent them being chambered in a revolver not rated for magnums.
Some lever action guns can do this also.
I guess you could say the same is done with NATO and commercial ammo in rifles. 5.56x45 will shoot .223 remington, but not the other way around. I'm going to let others chime in on rifles, as I'm more of a pistol shooter.